Abstract
Background: Investigation into, and description of competencies in the various sectors in which the physiotherapy profession is practised, contribute to the standardisation of practice, professional education, and guides research and administration, and is necessary in South Africa.
Objective: To identify the competencies implemented by physiotherapists working in an educational setting for learners with special needs and to determine physiotherapists’ opinions on the identified competencies.
Methods: A sequential mixed method research design was implemented to explore the competencies that physiotherapists implement during their intervention for children with special needs through focus group discussions (FGDs). A questionnaire based on the statements that emerged from the thematic analysis of the transcribed FGDs, and validated, was implemented in a cross-sectional survey amongst all physiotherapists employed in special schools. SPSS version 24 was used for the analysis of closed responses and thematic analysis was done on open-ended responses (n = 22).
Results: The respondents’ knowledge and skills regarding physiotherapy theories and implementation ranged from ‘good’ to ‘very good’. However, integration of the therapeutic knowledge and skills in different aspects of the special educational environment, and community integration, were rated ‘poor’ to ‘fair’. Support of physiotherapists to implement policies and procedures, and to attend continuing professional development, ranged from ‘fair’ to ‘poor’.
Conclusion: Lack of knowledge in educational policies and procedures in classroom strategies negatively influence the integration of therapeutic strategies in the special educational environment.
Clinical implications: The contribution of our study to learners with special needs in schools was outlined.
Keywords: competencies; framework; special needs; special schools; policies and procedures.
Introduction
Competency frameworks are developed globally to describe the essential foundational competencies in all aspects of a healthcare profession, to guide practising the profession, serve as the directive and foundation for the education of healthcare professionals and to reveal areas in which research is lacking. A framework is defined as a set of principles and ideas that you use when you are forming your decisions and judgments (Macmillan Dictionary, Macmillan Publishers Limited 2007).
The foundational competencies for the physiotherapy profession have been developed generically, as well as for community-based education (Mostert-Wentzel, Frantz & Van Rooijen 2013) as one of the aspects of physiotherapy practice. Although the generic competencies of physiotherapy are the same for the different healthcare sectors that physiotherapists are working in, they are differently applied in various healthcare sectors, because of the unique characteristics and demands in each sector. On an international level, the World Confederation of Physical Therapy (WCPT 2019) acknowledged the fact that the practice of the profession varies globally depending on the healthcare system and facilities within which physiotherapy is being practised. The application of the competencies are influenced by each country’s laws, regulations, human and monetary resources, which require contextualisation of foundational competencies. In the educational setting for learners with special needs, the purpose of physiotherapy may demand a different variety and/or combination of competencies from a physiotherapist than what is required from a physiotherapist, who for instance, works in the community. Although physiotherapists globally, may have acquired similar competence to work in comparable environments, contextualisation of these competencies in the respective work settings is essential (WCPT 2019).
During the past decade, the South African Society of Physiotherapy (SASP) encouraged physiotherapists to develop evidence-based statements, competency frameworks and/or clinical practice guidelines for the management of certain conditions, to promote standardised physiotherapy practice throughout the country. In line with this recommendation, Pillay (2011) recommended that the SASP, in conjunction with the Department of Basic Education (DoBE), draw up clinical practice guidelines for physiotherapists working in educational settings, similar to what has been done in the United States of America (USA) and Australia. Our current study aimed to take the initial steps to achieve this goal.
The development of a competency framework for physiotherapy management of learners with special needs should not only be benchmarked with international competency frameworks, but should, most importantly, also be relevant to the South African context.
Although it can be assumed that the generic competencies for physiotherapy are also relevant for physiotherapy practice in an educational setting, the specific competency framework for physiotherapists in educational settings, such as schools for learners with special needs, will enrich the clinical practice, and physiotherapy education across South Africa (SA).
The purpose of our study was to develop a contextualised competency framework that will inform physiotherapy practice in schools for learners with special needs. The preparatory process in the development of a contextualised competency framework entailed the exploration of the actions and experiences of the physiotherapists working in special schools for learners with special needs within an inclusive educational policy in SA. In this article, the authors reports on the explored perspectives of South African physiotherapists on their activities and experiences in schools for learners with special needs.
Methods
A sequential mixed method research design was used to explore the opinions on the perceived competencies of physiotherapists employed in schools for learners with special needs in South Africa. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with the physiotherapists employed in special schools, in one province and the thematic analysis of the transcribed FGDs, resulted in a categorised list of statements that reflected the respondents’ competencies. Based on the list of competencies, we compiled a questionnaire which was contextualised with the statements of the competency framework compiled by Effgen, Chiarello and Milbourne (2007). The questionnaire was used to conduct a cross-sectional survey amongst the physiotherapists employed at schools for learners with special needs throughout the country (excluding the physiotherapists in the province where the FGDs were held). Permission to contextualise the list of competence statements with the competency framework by Effgen et al. (2007) was obtained from the first author before the questionnaire was finalised.
The questions were formulated in the idiomatic language and context, familiar to SA physiotherapists. For example, the questions that required knowledge of the Canadian legislation governing physiotherapists in Canada (such as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act [IDEA]), were replaced with relevant knowledge questions on SA policy (Education White Paper Six).
The respondents had to answer each question on a 5-point Likert scale (ranging from very poor to very good). The questions were categorised in the nine competency areas similar to the categories described by Effgen et al. (2007) namely, the context of physiotherapy practice in schools, wellness and prevention activities by physiotherapists in schools, team collaboration, examination and evaluation of children, planning, intervention, documentation, administrative issues handled by physiotherapists in schools and research.
Pilot study
The questionnaire was piloted on the physiotherapists who participated in the FGDs prior to administering the cross-sectional survey on physiotherapists in the rest of the country. The purpose of the pilot study was to refine the formulation of the questions for content, clarity and length of questions, and to check if a preliminary analysis of the answers on the questionnaire would answer the research question. The results of the preliminary analysis were not incorporated in the main study because the participants in the pilot study were part of the FGDs in the previous phase.
No changes in the formulation of the questions were suggested by the participants. The analysis indicated that the outcome of the questionnaire would answer the research question. The eligibility of the questionnaire was objectively determined by performing Cronbach’s Alpha. The Cronbach’s Alpha for the 26 items in the questionnaire was 0.755 (unstandardised) and the standard coefficient was found to be 0.932. The questionnaire’s results showed that it had internal consistency and was a reliable instrument to use in phase 2 of our study (Kaiser 1974).
Sampling procedure
At the commencement of data collection, it was found that only 48 of the 58 potential participants that were recruited, met the inclusion criteria.
We emailed the consent form and more details on the aims and objectives, as well as the questionnaire, to all the physiotherapists who agreed to participate in our study. The participants were requested to complete the questionnaire, sign the consent form and email them back to the team.
Data analysis of the questionnaire
The responses on each questionnaire were entered into SPSS version 24. One of our team captured the raw data and it was checked by a colleague prior to the calculations. A statistician performed the data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data presenting summary statistics. Furthermore, analyses of cross-tabulation and correlation were undertaken to evaluate the degree of association and correlation between knowledge questions and skill characteristics.
Ethical considerations
Ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from the former Medical University of Southern Africa (MEDUNSA) Research Ethics Committee (reference number: MREC/H/96/2014). Consent to send the questionnaire to all physiotherapists employed at schools for children with special needs, were obtained from only three of the eight provincial coordinators in the National Department of Basic Education (DoBE). Subsequent to this inadequate response, the first author continued to obtain permission to conduct the survey from the directors and heads of the departments of Basic Education in the five provinces that employed physiotherapists in schools. In addition, consent was obtained from the principals of the schools who employed physiotherapists. Physiotherapists employed in the schools were telephonically informed about the aims, objectives and procedure of our study and asked whether they would voluntarily participate. Data were stored in a safe password protected computer.
Results
Three provinces did not have physiotherapists employed in special schools. Only 22 (45.8% of the total population) participants returned the completed questionnaire and signed consent forms. Each completed questionnaire was assigned a code. At the time when data were collected, only five of the eight (excluding Gauteng) had physiotherapists in special schools. The response rate per province is shown in Table 1.
Demographic information of study respondents
Of the 22 physiotherapists who participated, the majority 20 were females, and the minority 2 were males. This female: male ratio was similar to the Australian study by Schofield and Fletcher (2007) who found that physiotherapy remains a female dominated profession although the proportion of male physiotherapists is increasing.
The age ranged from 28 to 65 years with a mean of 42.4 ± 11.4 years. A greater proportion (7) were in the age group 30–39 years followed by those in the age group 50–59 years (6). There were four respondents in the age group 40–49, three in the age group < 30 years and only two were aged ≥ 60 years.
Twenty-one respondents (n = 21) were employed full-time in the special schools and only one (n = 1) was a part-time employee. One respondent, apart from being an employee at a school, was also a member of the District Based Support Team (DBST). The number of years they had been working at their current workplace ranged from 1.5 to 32 years with a mean of 10.57 ± 9.03 years.
The majority (n = 16) had a bachelor’s degree followed by four (n = 4) with both bachelor’s and master’s degrees. The number of years that they had been practising as physiotherapists ranged from 6 to 38 years with a mean and standard deviation of 18.3 ± 9.8 years. Six reported having ≤ 10 years of working experience as physiotherapists. One did not mention his or her work experience.
Twenty-one (95%) indicated that they knew about the SA Education White Paper 6 (EWP6) on Special Needs Education. Of these, 19 (89%) responded to the question about ‘knowledge on the role of physiotherapists’ in ‘Inclusive Education’. The respondents were also asked to elaborate on the role of the physiotherapist in Inclusive Education and their statements were thematically analysed. The themes and sub-themes of the role of physiotherapists in ‘Inclusive Education’ are shown in Table 2.
| TABLE 2: Role of Physiotherapist in Inclusive Education (section of questionnaire where respondents were asked to elaborate on their role in special schools). |
| TABLE 3: Continuing Education and support from stakeholders involved in education (%). |
The respondents were asked to indicate the services they were currently providing to learners with special needs. Twenty-one (n = 21) responded to the question, and most of them (15; n = 15) provided an integrated service to learners which entailed a combination of consultative and direct therapeutic services. Six (n = 6) physiotherapists provided only direct services (one on one interaction) to learners. In the study by Pillay (2011), she found that many of the physiotherapists were experiencing difficulties in making the shift from direct to indirect service because of not having been provided with the necessary support from superiors, resources, and training to facilitate the transition to inclusive education practices.
In Table 4, the details of the examples of support or inadequate or poor support are listed.
| TABLE 4: Categorisation of support received by respondents. |
The support from school management and DoBE was confirmed to be an area of concern amongst the respondents. Pillay (2011) found that the physiotherapists in her study required assistance with the transition from providing mainly direct support to children in special schools, to also providing indirect support to children in an inclusive education setting without the necessary support, resources and training to facilitate the transition.
In our study, we established how the learners were referred for physiotherapy. The respondents could give more than one response (Table 5).
| TABLE 5: Referral pathway of learners requiring physiotherapy services. |
Just more than half, 12 (n = 12) indicated that the learners who required physiotherapy services were referred by the DBST followed by referrals from teachers at seven (n = 7).
On the question to determine the extent to which undergraduate training prepared the respondents to work in a school setting, 19 (n = 19) indicated that their undergraduate training did not adequately prepare them for working in this kind of setting.
To follow-up on the roles of the physiotherapist in ‘Inclusive Education’ and the competencies identified by Effgen et al. (2007), the respondents were then asked to do a self-rating of their knowledge and skills. Their responses are summarised in Tables 6 and 7 below.
| TABLE 6: Knowledge on issues relating to working in educational setting for learners with special needs. |
| TABLE 7: Respondents’ opinion on their skills for working in an educational setting. |
From Table 6, it becomes clear that between 32% and 55% of the respondents’ knowledge on matters regarding the goals and aims of the educational system; its standards, curricula, general as well as special education teaching strategies, to enable physiotherapists to design and implement effective support service to the learners varied between ‘poor to fair’, and government regulations, ethical and/or legal responsibilities that apply to physiotherapists, varied between poor and fair. However, around 85% reported that their knowledge on clinical matters was good to very good.
Ninety-five percent (95%) indicated that they knew about the Education White Paper 6, policy as Rapport and Effgen (2004) mentioned the importance of a school-based paediatric physiotherapist being knowledgeable about civil and educational laws.
Education White Paper 6 on Special Needs Education was implemented in the last two decades and more attention still needs to be given to continuing professional development (CPD) of physiotherapists in SA. The CPD will equip physiotherapists to better understand their role in the educational system and teaching strategies, in order to enable them to design and implement effective support and intervention services for learners.
The respondents’ opinions on their clinical skills (Table 7) varied between good and very good. However when correlated with the findings presented in Table 6, the rating of the skills that related to the integration of the clinical physiotherapy goal setting, with formulating individualised education programmes (IEPs), knowledge and understanding of the educational system, planning partnerships with the family, other service providers, and community initiatives, some respondents rated their skills poor or fair.
Rapport and Effgen (2004) acknowledged that skills such as clinical, administrative, and technical skills required of school-based physiotherapy services are not part of a professional entry-level physiotherapy programme.
However, competencies are more complex than a ‘skill’ and include reflection, problem-solving ability and behaviour, as well as knowledge. In our study, we regarded it as important to establish the correlation between knowledge and skills and the results are presented in Table 8.
| TABLE 8: Correlation between physiotherapists’ knowledge and skills. |
The respondents’ knowledge of the structure, goals, and responsibilities of the public educational system to meet the educational needs of children was positively associated with all the skill questions except with the ability to supervise personnel and professional learners (university students) in order to ensure quality care as well as the ability to plan and implement intervention strategies using a continuum of service delivery approaches in accordance with learner needs in the least restrictive educational environment. However, the results were not statistically significant (r = –0.073; p < 0.05). Similarly, the knowledge of the structure, goals, and responsibilities of the public educational system to meet the educational needs of children, was significantly associated with the ability to form partnerships amongst family members, service providers, and the community to provide coordinated care (r = 0.482; p < 0.05). This finding makes sense as departmental leaders (managers) are primarily responsible for the administrative duties within the physiotherapy department and would not spend as much time being directly involved with the supervision of personnel and physiotherapy students and implementation of intervention strategies. However, the managers would be more skilled in forming partnerships amongst family members, service providers, and the community to provide coordinated care. This finding is similar to McGowan, Martin and Stokes (2016) who compared Canadian and Irish physiotherapists’ views on leadership and found that effective interactions with patients and their families, as well as people working within the health system were important in good leadership.
Discussion
Knowledge of EWP6 and the role of physiotherapy in inclusive education
Twenty-one (95.5%) respondents indicated that they knew about the Education White Paper 6 (EWP6) on Special Needs Education. Of these, 19 indicated that they knew about the role of the physiotherapist in inclusive education. The themes and sub-themes identified in their responses (Table 2) supported their answer. However, they indicated that they had a need to know more on the implementation of this policy and how it should be rolled-out.
From Table 3 and Table 4, it is clear that the support that physiotherapists received from the DoBE varied between the provinces. In some provinces it was adequate and in some others it was inadequate. The national DoBE should focus on developing functional DBST’s to support physiotherapists and facilitate the implementation of EWP6 at a district level. We found that the support by DoBE for physiotherapists, varied (was adequate in some schools/provinces and inadequate in others). Furthermore, it is now understood from our study that although generic competencies for physiotherapy are also relevant for physiotherapy practice in an educational setting, the respondents needed and displayed competencies that were specific and went beyond the generic competencies.
Correlations were found to exist between knowledge and skills in survey respondents. However, the knowledge and skills required were related to the physiotherapists’ roles and responsibilities they had within the departments. For example, physiotherapy managers had more knowledge about the structure of public education and thus they are more skilled in forming partnerships with service providers to provide co-ordinated care. Thus, the competencies required and displayed were determined to a large extent by the responsibilities that the physiotherapist had in that department.
Effgen et al. (2007) emphasised that physiotherapists’ professional development in school-based practice is fourfold and similar to professional development for physiotherapists in early intervention. Firstly, physiotherapists must develop competencies in the broad body of knowledge and skills related to paediatric physiotherapy. Secondly, they must have knowledge of the professional, government policies, government rules and regulations as well as guidelines to practice in schools. Thirdly, physiotherapists need to acquire the global knowledge and skills to work in a school setting. Fourthly, they need to be mentored during on-the-job training and maintain a dedication to life-long learning to promote state-of-the-art, evidence-based practice. The training of physiotherapists in school-based services should be discipline specific as well as interdisciplinary to reflect the collaboration required in schools (DoBE, school principals, and other stakeholders).
Conclusion
Our study was conducted to determine the range of competencies that are needed for physiotherapists to render a service for children with special needs in an educational environment.
In addition to the generic competencies required of physiotherapists in SA, the physiotherapists are required to have in-depth knowledge of Education White Paper 6 and the processes of its implementation.
Although 78% of the physiotherapists indicated that they have good to very good support in terms of CPD, 68% reported that their support in terms of policy implementation and processes in special schools, are fair to poor.
Whereas their fair to poor support in terms of CPD activities is limited to mainly two provinces, the lack of support in terms of policy implementation and processes, is spread over all five provinces whose physiotherapists completed the questionnaire.
The physiotherapists’ rating of their knowledge on the educational system and its critical components, including government regulations, ethical and/or legal responsibilities that apply to physiotherapists in the educational setting for children with special needs, and are rated between fair and poor by 30% – 55% of the respondents. This tendency is also reflected in the physiotherapists’ rating of their skills. The lack of knowledge in the educational policies and procedures, seems to limit the majority of the physiotherapists’ ability to integrate their clinical skills with the educational settings. Lack of integration of professional knowledge influences the quality of service rendered in the schools for children with special needs.
It is clear that the implementation of EWP6 is ‘a process’ and not ‘an event’. The SA national DoBE and the management of special schools should continuously review their services and processes, and need to work collaboratively with physiotherapists to eventually enable learners with special needs to access their school curriculum in a manner that is fair and just, alongside their peers, to the best of their ability.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge and thank Mr Muziwakhe Tshabalala as the research assistant, Dr Kalu Mawila as the secondary coder in the thematic analysis, Ms Maria Lekganyane, Professor Sam Ntuli and Professor Steve Olurunju for statistical support and analysis.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.
Author’s contributions
M.C.M., a PhD candidate at Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University was responsible for the conceptualisation of the study, the recruitment of participants, conducting the focus group discussions with the research assistant mentioned above, the transcription of the focus group discussions, thematic analysis of the data with the co-coder mentioned above, capturing raw data, and the writing up from the proposal stage to the final thesis stage.
C.A.E. assisted M.C.M. in the qualitative analysis of the study and was also responsible for language editing of this article.
B.M. was present at the proposal stage of the study and was the ‘sounding board’ and thus contributed to shaping the research study. B.M. also assisted the M.C.M. in the quantitative analysis of the data.
S.A.S.O. assisted the M.C.M. in explaining the ‘statistics’ of the study and the simplifying and break down to enable the M.C.M. to answer the research question and address all the research objectives that were initially set out.
Funding information
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Data availability
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analysed in this study.
Disclaimer
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any affiliated agency of the authors.
References
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